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Introduction:
India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area and the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi).
The Indian economy is the world’s eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity. It is bordered by Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.
India has two groups of islands –
The Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal
The Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.
Politically, India as it existed before its independence, however, extended beyond these natural boundaries and included not only Baluchistanbeyond the Kirthar range, but also some small areas that lay in the Bay of Bengal.
General Information:
Capital New Delhi
Largest city Mumbai
Official language(s) hindi, English
Area Total 3,287,240 km2
Population 1,180,968,000(2010 est.)
Currency Indian rupee
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Calling code + 91
History:
On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from British rule, but at the same time the Muslim-majority areas were partitioned to form a separate state of Pakistan. On 26 January 1950, India became a republic country and a new constitution came into effect.
Since independence, India has faced challenges from religious violence, casteism, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies, especially in Jammu and Kashmir and Northeast India. Since the 1990s terrorist attacks have affected many Indian cities. India has unresolved territorial disputes with the People’s Republic of China, which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War, and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. India is a founding member of the United Nations (as British India) and the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1974,
India conducted an underground nuclear test and five more tests in 1998, making India a nuclear state. Beginning in 1991, significant economic reforms have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, increasing its global clout.
Administrative Divisions:
India consists of 28 states and seven Union Territories. All states, and the two union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments patterned on the Westminster model.
The other five union territories are directly ruled by the Centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganization Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis. Since then, this structure has remained largely unchanged.
Geography :
India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, sits atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate.
India’s defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southernsupercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastwards drift—lasting fifty million years—across the then unformed Indian Ocean.
The subcontinent’s subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet’s highest mountains, which now abut India in the north and the north-east.In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough, which, having gradually been filled with river-borne sediment,now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.To the west of this plain, and cut off from it by theAravalli Range, lies the Thar Desert.
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